![]() This name was eventually adapted as Urga in the West. The city at its establishment in 1639 was referred to as Örgöö ( Mongolian: ᠥᠷᠭᠦᠭᠡ Өргөө, lit.'Palace'). See also: Names of Ulaanbaatar in different languages As the country's primate city, it serves as the cultural, industrial and financial heart as well as the center of Mongolia's transport network, connected by rail to both the Trans-Siberian Railway in Russia and the Chinese railway system. With a population of just over 1.5 million as of December 2022, it contains almost half of the country's total population. Governed as an independent municipality, Ulaanbaatar is surrounded by Töv Province, whose capital Zuunmod lies 43 kilometres (27 mi) south of the city. Since 1990, an influx of migrants from the rest of the country has led to an explosive growth in its population, a major portion of whom live in Ger districts, which has led to harmful air pollution in winter. In 1990, Ulaanbaatar was a major site of demonstrations that led to Mongolia's transition to democracy and a market economy. Modern urban planning began in the 1950s, with most of the old Ger districts replaced by Soviet-style flats. With the proclamation of the Mongolian People's Republic in 1924, the city was officially renamed Ulaanbaatar and declared the country's capital. With the collapse of the Qing Empire in 1911, the city was a focal point for independence efforts, leading to the proclamation of the Bogd Khanate in 1911 led by the 8th Jebtsundamba Khutuktu, or Bogd Khan, and again during the communist revolution of 1921. Following the regulation of Qing-Russian trade by the Treaty of Kyakhta in 1727, a caravan route between Beijing and Kyakhta opened up, along which the city was eventually settled. ![]() The city was originally founded in 1639 as a nomadic Buddhist monastic center, changing location 28 times, and was permanently settled at its current location in 1778.ĭuring its early years, as Örgöö (anglicized as Urga), it became Mongolia's preeminent religious center and seat of the Jebtsundamba Khutuktu, the spiritual head of the Gelug lineage of Tibetan Buddhism in Mongolia. The municipality is located in north central Mongolia at an elevation of about 1,300 metres (4,300 ft) in a valley on the Tuul River. It is the coldest capital city in the world, on average. "Red Hero"), previously anglicized as Ulan Bator, is the capital and most populous city of Mongolia. Caption by Michon Scott.Ulaanbaatar ( / ˌ uː l ɑː n ˈ b ɑː t ər/ Mongolian: Улаанбаатар, pronounced ( listen), lit. NASA image created by Jesse Allen, using EO-1 ALI data provided courtesy of the NASA EO-1 Team. The flood was considered the worst in over 40 years. ![]() Despite a chronic lack of water, the area experienced a severe flood in mid-July 2009, destroying homes and contaminating what water residents did have. Located in a high, cool, arid region, Ulaanbaatar has long lacked abundant water, prompting World Bank projects to improve the water supply. The largest city near the fossil-rich Gobi Desert, Ulaanbaatar has become a jumping-off point for generations of paleontologists. These portable structures continue to serve as homes today, partly because they do not require digging into the area’s often frozen soil. For roughly 150 years before that time, the city that would become Ulaanbaatar was a mobile monastery and town composed of movable yurts or gers. Along the city’s margins, human habitations dot slopes of nearby hills.Īlthough artifacts indicate human settlement in the area since prehistoric times, the city of Ulaanbaatar wasn’t established in its current place until the late eighteenth century. Throughout the city, red-orange and blue roofs provide small patches of bright color in a cityscape of earth tones. West of the market is the National Amusement Park, known for its artificial lake and castle. The city’s blue-roofed market appears north of the roadway. Most of the city actually lies north of one main thoroughfare that runs from east to west. Ulaanbaatar lies primarily north of the Tuul River, with just a small settled area south of the river. The Advanced Land Imager (ALI) on NASA’s Earth Observing-1 (EO-1) satellite acquired this true-color image on July 24, 2009. Winters are typically long and dry, and summers are typically short and wet. Roughly 1,350 meters (4,430 feet) above sea level, and over 47 degrees north of the Equator, the city rests atop a sporadic permafrost zone, and ranks among the world’s coldest national capitals. Mongolia’s capital city of Ulaanbaatar (also Ulan Bator) occupies a valley along the Tuul River.
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